It Began With a Hard Heart

By: Mike Mazzalongo     Posted: Wed. Apr 8th
Discussion Questions
  1. Why is it important to distinguish between a heart that is already hard and a heart that God later hardens?
  2. How does Pharaoh's worldview and position of power affect his response to Moses' sign?
  3. How does this early framework help us read later plague narratives without theological confusion?
Sources
  • ChatGPT, interactive collaboration with Mike Mazzalongo, "It Began With a Hard Heart," December 2025.
  • Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. Exodus. Expositor's Bible Commentary.
  • Durham, John I. Exodus. Word Biblical Commentary.
  • Sailhamer, John H. The Pentateuch as Narrative.
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