Homosexuality in the Past

By: Dr. James R. Estep

In this first chapter, Dr. Estep traces homosexual behavior in ancient cultures until modern times.

Sources

G. R. Driver and John C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), p.71.
Wenham, G.J. "The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality," Expository Times (September 1991), p. 360.
Ibid.
Driver and Miles, p. 71.
Wenham, p. 362. Cf. Revelation 22:15 for possible reference.
D. Winton Thomas, "Kelebh 'Dog': Its Origin and Some Usages of it in the Old Testament," Vestus Testamentum (1960), p. 410.
Cf. Robin Scroggs, The New Testament and Homosexuality (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983), p. 86; Bailey, pp. 52-53.
Tom Horner, Jonathan Loved David (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978), p. 66; John J. McNeil, The Church and the Homosexual (Kansas City: Sheed, Andrews, and McMeel, 1976), p.57.
Cf. P. C. Craigie, The Book of Deuteronomy (NICOT) (Grand Rapids: Eerdman Publishing Company, 1976), p. 302; S. R. Driver, Deuteronomy (ICC) (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1902), pp. 264-265.
G. Ernest Wright, "Deuteronomy," Interpreter's Bible (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1953), p.473.
Bottero and Petschorv, "Homosexualitat," Reallexicon der Assyriologie, 4.462 as cited in Wenham, p. 360.
Derrick Sherwin Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition (London: Longmans, Green, and Company, l95b), p.24
Wenham, p. 361
Lise Mannichie, Sexual Life in Ancimt Egypt (New York: KPI, 1987), p. 22.
Herodotus, Histories, 2.46,89
Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality as Submissive Behavior: Example from Mythology," The Joumal of Sex Research (November 1973),pp. 283-288
Horner, p. 21; Bailey, p. 31
Utterance p.377 (652a)
Ronald M. Springett, Homosexuality in History and the Scriptures (Washington D.C.: Biblical Research Institute, 1988), P. 36
20 Wenham, p. 361.2
Springett, p. 39
Bailey, p. 31
Bullough, pp. 285-286
Springett, p. 37
"Book of the Dead," A20 in James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastem Texts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969) p. 34
"Book of the Dead," B27 in Pritchard, p. 35 [emphasis added].
Mannichie, p.22.
Ibid.
Bailey, p. 33
Wenham, p. 361
Ibid; Springett, p. 46 and fn. 54
H. A. Hoffner, "Incest, Sodomy, and Bestiality in the Ancient Near East," Orient and Occident (Neukirchen: Neukirchen Verlag, 1973), p. 83.
Springett, p. 48.
Ibid, p. 47-48.
Victor Paul Furnish, The Moral Teaching of Paul: Selected Issues (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1985), p. 58
Cf. Ronald M. Springett, Homosexuality in History and the Scriptures (Washington D.C.: Biblical Research Institute, 1988), p. 104
William Durant, Life of Greece (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944), pp.301-302
John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (Chicago: University Press, 1980), p. 87
Cf. K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978), pp. 172-172
Plato, Symposium, 19Ie
Robin Scroggs, The New Testament and Homosexuality (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983), p. 141
Plutarch, Lycurgus, 18.4
Lucian, Dialogues of the Courtesans,5
Pseudo-Lucian, Erotes, 28
Springett, p. 87
Fred Craddock, "How Does the New Testament Deal with the Issue of Homosexuality?" Encounter (Summer 1979), p. 204
Scroggs, p. 33. cf. Aeschines, Timarchns, 136
Dover, Greeh Homosexuality, p.52
Plutarch, Lycurgrn, 18.4
Strabo, Geography,10.4.2f
Polybius,31.25
Aeschines, Timarchta, 53, 7 4, 123-124, 188; Diogeneres Laterus, 2. 105; Lucian, Timon, 22.
Boswell, p. 70. cf. Everett Ferguson, Bachgrounds of Early Christianity (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1987), p. 57.
Springett, p. 105. cf. Josephus, Antiquities, 18.65-80; Juvenal, Satire, 9.22-24; O. Kiefer, Sexual Life in Ancimt Rome (London: G. Routledge and Sons, 1934), p. 129
Tacitus, Annak, 15.48.
Suetonius, Liaes: Domitian,22; Dio, Liues,67.6.
William Durant, Caesar and Christ (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1944), p. a47.
Cf. Durant, Life of Greece, p.83; Greg L. Bahnsen, Homosexuality: A Biblical View (Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1978), p. 50.
Seneca, Epktles, 47.7-8.
Suetoni us, Liaes: Nero, 28; Dio Chrysosto m, Discourse, 2l .4, 68; Juvenal, Satire, 10.295-309
Cf. Philosophomena, 19.89b; Diepnosophists, 13.563e; Scroggs, p. 31.
Lucian, Erotes,33-36. cf. Plato, Symposium, 181d.
Plato, Symposium, 181c.
Josephus, Antiquities, 15.29.
Cf. Springett, pp. 108-109.
lbid., p. 89; Dover, pp. 20-21, 75.
M. L. Clarke, "Quintilian on Education," Empire and Aftervtath: Siluer Latin II, T. A. Dorey eds. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975), p. 105.
Ibid., pp. 105-106.
Lawrence E. Stager, "Eroticism and Infanticide at Ashkelon," Biblical Archaeology Review (July-August 1991), pp. 41, 43.
Suetonius, Liues: Galba,21.
Miriam T. Griffin, Nero: The End of a Dynasry (London: Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 164-165, 168, 180.
Cf . Boswell, pp. 49-59.
Cf. Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), p. 346.
Cf. Dover, p. 145.
Ibid.
Theodosian Code 9.7.3. cf. Boswell, PP. 123-124; Bailey, p. 70.
Sydney Page, "Marital Expectations of Church Leaders in the Pastoral Epistles,"Journal for the Study of the New Testament (Fall 1993), 118 [Emphasis added].
Sententiae 2.27.12. cf. Boswell, p. 122.
Cf. John Boswell, Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modem Europe (New York: Villard Books, 1994); Christianity Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
Cf. Jerry Adler, "Sex in the Snoring '90s," Newsweek (April 26, 1993), 55; Kim Painter, "Only 1% of Men say They are Gay," USA Today (April 15, 1993), lD.
Joe Dallas, "Born Gay?" Christianity Today (June 22, 1992),22.
Mimi Hall, "Cover Story: 'You Can't Ignore Us," says Marchers," USA Today (April 26, 1993), 10A.
Based on information gained from Randy Frame, "The Homosexual Lifestyle: Is There a Way Out?" Christianity Today (August 9, 1985), 34; Salholz, "The Future of Gay America," 22-23
William Dannemeyer, Shadow in the Land (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1989), p.57.
Cf. Kushner, "Fireworks and Freedom," p. 46-48.
Ibid., p. 48.
"Homosexual Families and the Law," Newsweek (July 17, 1989), p. 48.
Walter Isaason, "Should Gays Have Marriage Rights?" Time (November 20, 1989), pp. 101-102.
Nora Underwood, "Homosexual Rights," Macleans (January 2, 1989), p.22.
Rueda, The Homosexual Network, pp. 177-178
lbid., p. 178 [emphasis added]